Paragraph 34 – 37 of Exposure Draft (ED) Fair Value Measurement (ED/2009/5) regulates the Fair Value at Initial Recognition of asset or liability.
When an asset is acquired or a liability is assumed in an exchange transaction for that asset or liability, the transaction price is the price paid to acquire the asset or received to assume the liability (often referred to as an entry price). In contrast, the fair value of the asset or liability represents the price that would be received to sell the asset or paid to transfer the liability (an exit price). Entities do not necessarily sell assets at the prices paid to acquire them. Similarly, entities do not necessarily transfer liabilities at the prices received to assume them. In some cases, eg. in a business combination, there is not a transaction price for each individual asset or liability. Likewise, sometimes there is not an exchange transaction for the asset or liability, eg when biological assets regenerate (Par. 34).
Although conceptually entry prices and exit prices are different, in many cases an entry price of an asset or liability will equal the exit price (eg. when on the transaction date the transaction to buy an asset would take place in the market in which the asset would be sold). In such cases, the fair value of an asset or liability at initial recognition equals the entry (transaction) price (Par. 35).
Par. 36 states that in determining whether fair value at initial recognition equals the transaction price, an entity shall consider factors specific to the transaction and the asset or liability. For example, the transaction price is the best evidence of the fair value of an asset or liability at initial recognition unless :
(a) the transaction is between related parties.
(b) the transaction takes place under duress or the seller is forced to accept the price in the transaction. For example, that might be the case if the seller is experiencing financial difficulty.
(c) the unit of account represented by the transaction price is different from the unit of account for the asset or liability measured at fair value. For example, that might be the case if the asset or liability measured at fair value is only one of the elements in the transaction, the transaction includes unstated rights and privileges that are separately measured or the transaction price includes transaction costs.
(d) the market in which the transaction takes place is different from the market in which the entity would sell the asset or transfer the liability, ie. the most advantageous market. For example, those markets might be different if the entity is a securities dealer that transacts in different markets with retail customers (retail market) and with other securities dealers (inter-dealer market).
If an IFRS requires or permits an entity to measure an asset or liability initially at fair value and the transaction price differs from fair value, the entity recognises the resulting gain or loss in profit or loss unless the IFRS requires otherwise (Par. 37).
